ImageJ

Distance Transform Watershed (2D and 3D) (IJPB-plugins)
Author	Ignacio Arganda-Carreras, David Legland
Maintainer	Ignacio Arganda-Carreras
Source	on GitHub
Initial release	August 25th, 2016
Latest version	July 23rd, 2019 (MorphoLibJ v1.4.1)
Development status	stable, active
Category	Segmentation, Mathematical morphology

Introduction

A classic way of separating touching objects in binary images makes use of the distance transform and the watershed method. The idea is to create a border as far as possible from the center of the overlapping objects. This strategy works very well on rounded objects and it is called Distance Transform Watershed. It consists on calculating the distance transform of the binary image, inverting it (so the darkest parts of the image are the centers of the objects) and then applying watershed on it using the original image as mask (see figure below). In our implementation, we include an option to use watershed with extended minima so the user can control the number of object splits and merges.

Basics of the Distance Transform Watershed algorithm. From left to right: sample image of touching DAPI stained cell nuclei from a confocal laser scanning microscope, binary mask calculated after filtering and thresholding input image, inverse of the distance transform applied to the binary mask (Chamfer distance map using normalized Chessknight weights and 32-bit output) and resulting labeled image after applying watershed to the inverse distance image using the binary mask (dynamic of 1 and 4-connectivity).

MorphoLibJ provides two plugins under the Plugins  › MorphoLibJ  › Binary Images... menu to apply this strategy on 2D and 3D images:

Distance Transform Watershed

Distance Transform Watershed needs one 2D 8-bit binary image to run. If that's the case, a dialog like the following will pop up:

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The plugin parameters are divided between the distance transform and the watershed options:

• Distance map options:
  • Distances: allows selecting among a pre-defined set of weights that can be used to compute the distance transform using Chamfer approximations of the Euclidean metric. They affect the location but specially the shape of the border in the final result. The options are:
    • Chessboard (1,1): weight equal to 1 for all neighbors.
    • City-Block (1,2): weights 1 for orthogonal neighbors and 2 for diagonal neighbors.
    • Quasi-Euclidean (1,1.41): weights 1 for orthogonal neighbors and $\sqrt{2}$ for diagonal neighbors.
    • Borgefors (3,4): weights 3 for orthogonal neighbors and 4 for diagonal neighbors (best approximation of Euclidean distance for 3-by-3 masks).
    • Weights (2,3): weights 2 for orthogonal neighbors and 3 for diagonal neighbors.
    • Weights (5,7): weights 5 for orthogonal neighbors and 7 for diagonal neighbors.
    • Chessknight (5,7,11): weights 5 for orthogonal neighbors and 7 for diagonal neighbors, and 11 for chess-knight moves (best approximation for 5-by-5 masks).
  • Output type: 16 or 32-bit, to calculate distance with short or float precision.
  • Normalize weights: indicates whether the resulting distance map should be normalized (divide distances by the first Chamfer weight).
• Watershed options:
  • Dynamic: same as in the Morphological Segmentation plugin, this is the dynamic of intensity for the search of regional minima in the inverse of the distance transform image. Basically, by increasing its value there will be more object merges and by decreasing it there will be more object splits.
  • Connectivity: pixel connectivity (4 or 8). Selecting non-diagonal connectivity (4) usually provides more rounded objects.

Finally, the result with the current plugin configuration can be visualize clicking on the Preview option.

Result: 2D 32-bit label image (one index value per object).

Distance Transform Watershed (3D)

Distance Transform Watershed 3D needs one 3D 8-bit binary image to run. If that's the case, a dialog like the following will pop up:

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination

The parameters are the same as in the 2D version but some of them are adapted for 3D images:

• Distance map options:
  • Distances: Now the available options are:
    • Chessboard (1,1,1): weight equal to 1 for all neighbors.
    • City-Block (1,2,3): weights 1 for orthogonal neighbors, 2 for diagonal neighbors and 3 for cube-diagonals.
    • Quasi-Euclidean (1,1.41,1.73): weights 1 for orthogonal neighbors, $\sqrt{2}$ for diagonal neighbors and $\sqrt{3}$ for cube-diagonals.
    • Borgefors (3,4,5): weights 3 for orthogonal neighbors, 4 for diagonal neighbors and 5 for cube-diagonals (best approximation of Euclidean distance for 3-by-3-by-3 masks).
  • Output type: 16 or 32-bit, to calculate distance with short or float precision.
  • Normalize weights: indicates whether the resulting distance map should be normalized (divide distances by the first Chamfer weight).
• Watershed options:
  • Dynamic: same as in the 2D version, this is the dynamic of intensity for the search of regional minima in the inverse of the distance transform image. Basically, by increasing its value there will be more object merges and by decreasing it there will be more object splits.
  • Connectivity: voxel connectivity (6 or 26). Selecting non-diagonal connectivity (6) usually provides more rounded objects.

As it is usual in ImageJ, no preview is provided here since we are dealing with 3D images.

Result: 3D 32-bit label image (one index value per object).

Installation

The Distance Transform Watershed plugins (2D and 3D) are part of the MorphoLibJ library. To install them, you just need to add the IJPB-plugins update site:

1) Select Help  › Update... from the Fiji menu to start the updater.

2) Click on Manage update sites. This brings up a dialog where you can activate additional update sites.

3) Activate the IJPB-plugins update site and close the dialog. Now you should see an additional jar file for download.

4) Click Apply changes and restart Fiji.

You should now find the plugin under the sub-menu Plugins  › MorphoLibJ  › Segmentation.

Note: the Distance Transform Watershed plugins are only two of the plugins included in the MorphoLibJ suite. By following these installation steps, you will be installing as well the rest of plugins in the suite.

References

1. David Legland, Ignacio Arganda-Carreras, Philippe Andrey; MorphoLibJ: integrated library and plugins for mathematical morphology with ImageJ. Bioinformatics 2016; 32 (22): 3532-3534. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw413

See also

• Marker-controlled Watershed, a plugin to perform watershed by flooding from specific seed points or markers.
• Morphological Segmentation, a plugin with a graphical user interface to segment images based on morphological operations and the watershed algorithm.
• Serge Beucher's site, with graphic descriptions and animations of the watershed algorithms.
• G. Bertrand's Topological Watershed site, with papers, lecture slides and source code.

License

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.txt).

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.